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The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727787/

Abstract 

Determining the order of nucleic acid residues in biological samples is an integral component of a wide variety of research applications. Over the last fifty years large numbers of researchers have applied themselves to the production of techniques and technologies to facilitate this feat, sequencing DNA and RNA molecules. This time-scale has witnessed tremendous changes, moving from sequencing short oligonucleotides to millions of bases, from struggling towards the deduction of the coding sequence of a single gene to rapid and widely available whole genome sequencing. This article traverses those years, iterating through the different generations of sequencing technology, highlighting some of the key discoveries, researchers, and sequences along the way.

Keywords: DNA, RNA, Sequencing, Sequencer, History

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Highlights

•We review the drastic changes to DNA sequencing technology over the last 50 years.

•First-generation methods enabled sequencing of clonal DNA populations.

•The second-generation massively increased throughput by parallelizing many reactions.

•Third-generation methods allow direct sequencing of single DNA molecules.